The 55 Greatest Works of Philosophical Fiction
▽ Introduction
△ Introduction
Fiction that addresses philosophical themes may seem to be a narrow field of literature—until you consider how wide-ranging philosophical themes can be, addressing issues of morality, science, religion, politics, aesthetics, metaphysics, law, language, education and more. You can put the words "philosophy of" before the name of any human endeavour and find a field of study someone thinks is worth writing or reading about—in either fiction or nonfiction.
Most serious literature touches on some philosophical issues, but this list is for fiction in which these issues are central to the work.
The list covers the greatest philosophical fiction of all times, places and cultures. It focuses on major fictional works, including novels, novellas, plays and story collections.
The selection is based on the continuing research carried out for The Greatest Literature of All Time and further research into philosophical fiction acclaimed by the world's readers, writers, critics and scholars.
Latest update: October 20, 2020
c.1125
The Improvement of Human Reason
by Ibn Tufail, Spain
Novel
1516
Utopia
by Thomas More, England
Novella
1726
Gulliver's Travels
by Jonathan Swift, Ireland
Novel
1759
Candide
by François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire, France
Novella
1761
Julie; or, The New Heloise
by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Switzerland
Novel, originally Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse
1795–1796
William Meister's Apprenticeship
by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany
Novel, originally Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre
1796
Jacques the Fatalist and His Master
by Denis Diderot, France
Novel
1797–1799
Hyperion
by Friedrich Hölderlin, Germany
Novel, originally Hyperion; oder, Der Eremit in Griechenland, also known as Hyperion; or, The Hermit in Greece
1808–1832
Faust
by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany
Closet play
1818
Frankenstein
Novel, also known as
Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus
By several standards Frankenstein is a very poorly written novel. The narrative wanders all over, bogging down in irrelevant subplots and extraneous characters, the characters (except for one) are thinly and.... Critique • Quotes • Text • At the movies • Wikipedia • Amazon
1830
The Red and the Black
by Stendhal, France
Novel, originally Le Rouge et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle
1836
Sartor Resartus
by Thomas Carlyle, Scotland
Novel, subtitled The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh in Three Books
1851
Moby Dick
by Herman Melville, United States
Novel
1862
Les Misérables
by Victor Hugo, France
Novel
Les Misérables is one of the few translated books English speakers know by the original title, in part because we are familiar with the name (or its abbreviation Les Miz) from popular film and stage productions. But.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
1864
Notes from Underground
by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russia
Novella
1865–1869
War and Peace
by Leo Tolstoy, Russia
Novel, originally
Voyná i mir
After spending a good part of a summer living in and out of War and Peace, I was dismayed to learn Leo Tolstoy disdained the book in his latter years. The novel, whose title has become shorthand for monumentally.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
1866
Crime and Punishment
by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russia
Novel, originally Prestuplenie i nakazanie
1872
Erewhon
Novel
I'm not sure we should even call Erewhon a novel. If it is one, it's a novel of ideas. Not like, say, one of Aldous Huxley's novels of ideas though. Great ideas don't play out among characters or decide the plot. In Butler's.... Critique • Quotes • Text • Wikipedia • Amazon
Middlemarch
Novel, subtitled
A Study of Provincial Life
What's incredible about Middlemarch, George Eliot's masterwork, is how engrossing it is. I mean, this is a novel that deals with issues of art, education reform, scholarly research, medical science and provincial British politics.... Critique • Quotes • Text • Wikipedia • Amazon
1880
The Brothers Karamazov
by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russia
Novel, originally Brat'ya Karamazovy
1883–1885
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
by Friedrich Nietzsche, Germany
Novel, subtitled A Book for All and None, originally Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen
1885
Marius the Epicurean
by Walter Pater, England
Novel
1913–1927
In Search of Lost Time
by Marcel Proust, France
Novel, originally À la recherche du temps perdu, also known as Remembrance of Things Past
1916
The Metamorphosis
by Franz Kafka, Austria
Novella Die Verwandlung
1924
The Magic Mountain
by Thomas Mann, Germany
Novel, originally Der Zauberberg
1925
The Trial
by Franz Kafka, Austria
Novel, originally Das Schloß
1930–1943
The Man Without Qualities
by Robert Musil, Austria
Novel
1932
Brave New World
Novel
I wonder if people who refer to Aldous Huxley's Brave New World as a cautionary tale—that is, those who aren't confusing it with George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four—could actually spell out what it is cautioning against.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
Journey to the End of the Night
by Louis-Ferdinand Céline, France
Novel, originally Voyage au Bout de la Nuit
1933
Man's Fate
by André Malraux, France
Novel, originally
La Condition humaine
Despite focusing on a specific event, place and time in Chinese history—the Communist uprising in Shanghai and its brutal suppression by the Kuomintang over a few days in 1927—Man's Fate reads more like a French.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
1938
Nausea
by Jean-Paul Sartre, France
Novel, originally La Nausée
1938–1945
The Space Trilogy
by C.S. Lewis, England
Novel series includes Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, and That Hideous Strength.
1942
The Outsider
by Albert Camus, Algeria
Novella, originally L'Etranger
1943
The Little Prince
Novella
The books that became cult—and counterculture—favourites in the iconoclastic 1960s and early 1970s can be divided into two categories: 1. Those that were written during and for that period, such as Stranger in a.... Critique • Quotes • Translations • Wikipedia • Amazon
1944
No Exit
by Jean-Paul Sartre, France
Play
1948
No Longer Human
by Osamu Dazai, Japan
Novel
1949
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Novel, also known as
1984
George Orwell's dystopian novel has had the fortune to be acclaimed in the West by two usually opposed groups—right wingers and left wingers. The former saw it as a denunciation of collectivism in all its forms.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
1952
Invisible Man
by Ralph Ellison, United States
Novel
1956
The Fall
by Albert Camus, Algeria
Novella, originally La Chute
1959
The Golden Notebook
by Doris Lessing, England
Novel
1961
A Severed Head
by Iris Murdoch, England
Novel
The Master and Margarita
by Mikhail Bulgakov, Russia
Novel
1965
Dune
by Frank Herbert, United States
Novel
Dune's timing was perfect. Launched in the mid-sixties around the beginning of the modern environmental movement, Frank Herbert's ecology-conscious science fiction novel and its many sequels and adaptation.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Wikipedia • Amazon
1969
Slaughterhouse Five
by Kurt Vonnegut, United States
Novel
1974
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
Novel, subtitled
An Inquiry into Values
Two kinds of people are apt to hate Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: advanced philosophy majors and advanced novel readers. As a novel, Zen is terrible. Virtually no narrative, cardboard characters, and generally.... Critique • Quotes • Wikipedia • Amazon
1979
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting
by Milan Kundera, Czechoslovakia
Novel
1980
The Name of the Rose
by Umberto Eco, Italy
Novel, originally Il nome della rosa
1983
Mr Palomar
by Italo Calvino, Italy
Novel, originally Palomar
1985
The Handmaid's Tale
Novel
If you're well-versed in science fiction—or speculative fiction as it's often called—and you approach The Handmaid's Tale as an example of that genre, you may be disappointed. The world of Margaret.... Critique • Quotes • At the movies • Wikipedia • Amazon
1988
Wittgenstein's Mistress
by David Markson, United States
Novel
1988
The Alchemist
by Paulo Coelho, Brazil
Novel, originally O Alquimista
1991
Sophie's World
by Jostein Gaarder, Norway
Novel, subtitled A Novel About the History of Philosophy
1996
Infinite Jest
by David Foster Wallace, United States
Novel
2002
Life of Pi
by Yann Martel, Canada
Novel
2008
Anathem
by Neal Stephenson, United States
Novel